Funeral Etiquette from Chinese and Western Cultural Differences
It goes without saying that every nation body with its own culture, traditions and Western culture as a system of two fully reflects the cultural differences and Western nation. Even after hundreds of years of Chinese and Western culture conflict and blend their boundaries is not particularly obvious, but the dominance of whether Chinese or Western culture or heritage and cultural pulse of its own, but also has significant cultural differences. From traditional funeral rituals among the Chinese and American, we can clearly feel the difference.
Funeral of Cultural Differences
1. Different Religious Culture
In the funeral, the Western country is essentially a religious funeral ritual. Funeral Customs mainly affected Western Christian culture. The soul of each individual Christian relationship directly with God, is not allowed idol worship, respect for the soul of sublimation and despise the flesh, so the burial customs of the West is simple funeral funerals. Christian funeral prayer for the dead is more; I wish his soul to heaven soon, pain relief during his lifetime. Since modern times, because of the West advocating "Individualist" and advocated "individual-centered", so the funeral, in accordance with religious rituals, focuses on resettlement of the deceased "soul." From it you can see the funeral ceremony of their religious traditions. Established a large traditional Chinese Confucian funeral etiquette.
In traditional Chinese culture, there has been a belief in immortality of the soul, the Confucian ethics of interpretation; people are concerned about the soul of the deceased's soul attached to the gods, worshiped in Temple. Later, the introduction of Buddhism then brought "six reincarnations, reincarnation Takumi" and other concepts. Taoism is China's native religion, talk about the early Taoist alchemy immortal, not much affect folk in, but in the development process, it is gradually absorbed many ideas of Confucianism, Buddhism, and finally and Confucianism, Buddhism became the tripartite balance of forces. From the influence of Taoism on Chinese traditional funeral rituals, and also see Taoism and Confucianism, the relationship between Buddha and two taught, Taoism culture brought to the funeral ideas about hell underworld. Fusion of religion embodied in the funeral liturgy, that is, as the main body to the funeral of the Confucian tradition, a blend of Buddhist and Taoist funeral etiquette taught two appear.
Ming Dynasty novel "Golden Lotus" Affection funeral depicted is a typical case. The basic procedure is Confucianism, such as loading convergence, obituary notice, to clothes, grabbing, funeral, etc.; but also mixed with numerous Buddhist and Taoist practices, such as yin and yang of Health grant your book, set seven boards, nails and other nail longevity Taoist practices; and read and fell through, do seventy-seven Buddhist Lent is the custom. Even more interesting is to do seventy-seven Lent, the first seven by monks chanting, twenty-seven by Taoist practice things, Panax is a monk chanting, forty-seven of monks chanting, fifty-seven Taoist practice is something six or seven no chanting, seven and chanting by nuns, is really a mixed bag, but it is this seemingly contradictory practices reflects the traditional Chinese funeral rituals of religious culture.
2. The Culture of Different Colors
In a traditional funeral in Western countries have adopted a different color. Western countries have adopted is black, while China uses white. American Funeral Liturgy will be all black hearse; window cover has a black veil. Mourners were all dressed in black tie dress, man playing black tie. Participants dressed in a black dress or wearing black armbands to show mourning for the dead. People need to get rid of the black culture of fear (fear of death) and to visualize and reality of it, which is a potential need people. In China, funeral places white show mourning.
It is said that this is influenced by Buddhism, thus, the demise of the elderly people seen as "white wedding." Therefore, the surface coat of the deceased's face is white, dutiful son of mourning is white, stop mourning room window mirror so use white to cover letters, offering hanging scroll is white cotton, as the whole funeral is white color . White is used on the West End with a different atmosphere Funeral couple's wedding, the bride wearing a white wedding dress, meaning holy innocent. Now, with exchanges between different cultures increasingly frequent, people's concept of changing the color unknowingly. Accepted, the introduction of different cultures, thus more enriched the content of the local culture. White represents purity in the West, holy; formerly in China but it is the color of mourning, but now, young people take wedding photos, the bride wearing a white wedding dress, people will no longer shocked. Red is the traditional concept of Westerners contact bloody, obscene up, but now when they are dressed in traditional Chinese red costume, the same joy filled face. It can be predicted that with the Chinese and English languages in contact with each other, Chinese and English cultures are growing depth of color words righteousness and symbolic meaning of this association convergence phenomenon will be increasing overlap and interact.
3. The Gift of Different Cultures
Gift in the subject under the influence of traditional culture, in different social scenarios, gift exchange and gift be given a different symbolic meaning.
According to the traditional deep-rooted culture of various ethnic groups, the gift has some stress, especially in the (marriage, funerals, etc.) presents special Circumstances have a social function. Western countries at the funeral, relatives and friends mourn the dead, flowers essential, to attend the funeral of people, generally required for the dead to offer gladiolus flowers or white lilies, with condolences. In China, there is no one to send funeral flowers, usually white to send the festival hanging scroll to indicate sadness.
Roots of Western Cultural Differences
In Western culture as a source of ancient Greece, civilized society from the outset with a distinctive openness and respect for human action. Their minds early on to establish such a belief: Nothing in life will be given a priori; everything must rely on human progress and create. People should try to reveal the world the truth. They as individuals who are independent of the environment in the face, with independent meaning of existence, independent environmental impact. Their creative spirit so that the "Individualist" thought to be generated and consolidated. First original Chinese Culture happened, agricultural production and labor always has a clear dominance. Agriculture-based nation for generations, they live in absolute dependence on the objective to qualitative in nature, in my heart I believe only natural given to bring happiness, and therefore God's obedient dominant. "Heaven," believe in the idea of becoming a classic. As individuals who face involuntary environment, do not have independent meaning of existence, not independently affect the environment, can only be associated with a given settle down.
Traditional Culture powerful color fatalism same strain was significantly associated with this concept, which also provides an effective basis for the superstition. Ethical relationships to the extreme, Zhongxiao propriety, three from the four virtues havedemonstrated the negative factors of Chinese culture Heaven ideology. Roots of Western cultural differences ultimately lie: the foundation of Chinese culture has not been out in the depths of human dependency on nature; Western culture is completely out of the man's dependence on nature. Now, blend and complement each other in Western culture, making the modern funeral rituals closer to each other, so as to further achieve true "East meets west."
References
Blake, C. Fred. Burning Money: The Material Spirit of the Chinese Lifeworld. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2011.
Cohen, Jocelyn. Chinese Ritual Papers. 2005. <http://www.jocelync.com/ritpap.html>.
Columbia University. Starr East Asian Library. Chinese Paper Gods. 2007. <http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/eastasian/paper_gods/>
Dore, Henry. Researches into Chinese Superstitions. Translated by M. Kennelly. "Profusely illustrated." Shanghai: T'usewei Printing Press, 1998.
Scott, Janet Lee. For Gods, Ghosts and Ancestors: The Chinese Tradition of Paper Offerings. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press; Seattle: University of Washington, 2007.
Scott, Janet Lee. "Traditional Values and Modern Meanings in the Paper Offering Industry of Hong Kong." In: Grant Evans & Maria Tam [eds.], Hong Kong: The Anthropology of a Chinese Metropolis. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press,
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